Table of Contents
- Part I: Tweeting Jihad And Martyrdom: Minbar Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad,
Website Of Imprisoned Jihadi Leader And Scholar Sheikh Abu Muhammad
Al-Maqdisi
- Part II: Ansar Al-Mujahideen Arabic Forum (AMAF), An Al-Qaeda Affiliate, Tweets
- Part III: Muhammad Zawahiri – Brother Of Al-Qaeda Leader Ayman Al-Zawahiri – Joins Twitter
- Part IV: Former Bin Laden Jihadi And Gitmo Detainee Walid Muhammad Hajj Tweets In Support Of Al-Qaeda, Jihad, And Martyrdom
- Part V: How Online Jihadis Are Using Twitter – The Taliban
Video That Revealed Planning Behind June 1, 2012 Attack On U.S. Military
Base In Khost
- Part VI: New Egyptian Pro-Al-Qaeda Google Blog Group Joins Twitter
- Part VII: The New Breed of Al-Qaeda Groupies on Twitter – Abu Malik Al-Maqdisi
- HASHTAG "#Jihad" – Easy to Find, Easy to Remove Terrorist-Related Content From Twitter
Introduction
As part of their online media strategy, jihadi organizations have in
recent years begun using Western websites and technologies – uploading
videos to YouTube[1] and to the San Francisco-based Internet Archive,[2] creating official Facebook pages,[3] and over the past year, "tweeting" news flashes from the jihadi fronts. During that time, MEMRI's Jihad and Terrorism Threat Monitor (JTTM) Project has monitored how Al-Qaeda-affiliated online jihadi groups and their followers have embraced Twitter.
As the number and activity of jihadis and terrorist groups on Twitter
continue to multiply exponentially, the issue is attracting more
attention from media outlets and from U.S. government and military
officials; while the latter have been reluctant to take action, Twitter
officials remain neglectful.
Highlighting this is a September 3, 2012 article titled "Twitter Becomes Terrorists' New Propaganda Machine" in USA Today,
which quotes Marine Lt. Col. Stewart Upton, spokesman for Regional
Command Southwest, as saying of terrorists' use of Twitter: "They're all
over Twitter... they're incessantly tweeting." He adds that over the
past year, Central Command has reported about 10 social media violations
to Twitter. The paper noted that Twitter could suspend an account if
the user violated policies, and quoted Twitter spokeswoman Rachael
Horwitz, who said that Twitter does not discuss specific accounts,
including military requests, as saying: "We have a process to report
terms of service violations."
Previously, on August 22, 2012, The Washington Times reported
that U.S. intelligence agencies that monitor the Internet for terrorist
activity are now regularly in touch with the U.S. military's Central
Command, who have on their behalf been contacting U.S. social media
companies, including Facebook and Twitter, "urging them to halt
terrorist recruitment or inciting violent attacks noting that it
violates their terms of service."
Since Twitter began operating in 2006, there is not one publicly
known case of a jihadi or terrorist organization's account being shut
down. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that the Twitter presence
of these groups is constantly increasing.

Among the organizations that openly utilize Twitter are many that are
officially designated by the Western and U.S. governments as terrorist
entities, such as the Taliban (alemarahweb and ABalkhi),[4] the Somali Al-Qaeda-affiliated group Al-Shabaab Al-Mujahideen (HSMPress),[5] Hamas (hamasinfo) and its military wing Al-Qassam Brigades (AlqassamBrigade),[6] Hizbullah and its media arm Al-Manar TV (almanarnews),[7] and other groups. (For a full list of MEMRI research on jihadi and terrorist groups on Twitter, see Appendix I.)
While the phenomenon of jihadi and terrorist organizations on Twitter
is in its relatively early stages, if it is left to continue unabated,
the service will increasingly be used to help build an online community
of individuals who support terrorism and are enemies of the U.S. Many of
these Twitter users are also now utilizing apps to spread online jihad,
which gives Al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations additional
weapons for their cyber-jihad.

As previous reports in this series have noted, Twitter has in fact
already become a cyber-weapon used against the U.S.. Furthermore,
MEMRI's attempts to alert Twitter, and in particular its CEO and media
department, of this and of the risks it entails have been repeatedly
ignored.
The following report highlights some recent examples of jihadi and
terrorist organizations, sheikhs, and other groups who have joined
Twitter. Those Twitter accounts, all in Arabic, use the social media
site for multiple purposes, including giving religious justification for
jihad and terrorist attacks; sending links minute by minute of the
latest Al-Qaeda media releases; accounts held by numerous former
prisoners jailed for terrorism to provide an outlet to reach followers
on their opinions; training purposes for attacks against American
forces; and as a vehicle for new terrorist and jihadi groups to easily
spread their message for recruitment.
Part I: Tweeting Jihad And Martyrdom: Minbar
Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad, Website Of Imprisoned Jihadi Leader And Scholar
Sheikh Abu Muhammad Al-Maqdisi
An extensive report published earlier this year by the staff of the MEMRI JTTM (see Minbar
Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad English-Language Site, Owned by Abu Muhammad
Al-Maqdisi, Peddles Jihad to Non-Arabic Speaking Muslims in the West, March 12, 2012) gave detailed information about one of the main online centers of the global Salafi-jihadi movement[8] – Minbar Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad (MTJ), "The Pulpit of Monotheism and Jihad," belonging to Sheikh Abu Muhammad Al-Maqdisi.
As the report noted, Al-Maqdisi has long been at the fore of the
radical Salafi movement in Jordan, and is considered a religious
authority and spiritual leader by many Salafi-jihadis worldwide. His
website has served as a primary means of disseminating Salafi-jihadi
doctrine and texts, and jihad-related fatwas. The website is overseen by
Al-Maqdisi himself, in addition to a shari'a committee of radical Salafi-jihadi clerics from various Arab countries, some of them residing in the West.
In addition to its main Arabic-language website, MTJ has an English
website, Tawhid.net. This website serves as an online library of
Salafi-jihadi material translated from Arabic, including sermons,
articles, books, magazines, and interviews by Islamist luminaries such
as Al-Maqdisi himself, Sayyed Qutb, and Al-Qaeda leaders past and
present, including Osama bin Laden, Ayman Al-Zawahiri, 'Abdallah 'Azzam,
and others. Also offered is original English-language material, much of
it by the late Yemeni-American cleric Anwar Al-'Awlaki, who is featured
prominently on the site with books, articles, audio recordings, and
magazines such as Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula's (AQAP)
English-language magazine Inspire.
With its English forum, MTJ aims to propagate jihad and serve
as a virtual library for the Salafi-jihadi education of Muslims who are
distant from active jihad communities. This includes preaching jihad as
an individual duty incumbent upon all Muslims; eliciting support for
Al-Qaeda and disseminating its leaders' messages online; playing up
grievances suffered by Muslims in the West's anti-Islam "Crusade"; and
glorifying slain jihadis, publishing fatwas in support of suicide
operations, and so on.
Minbar Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad's Twitter Account
On January 12, 2012, Minbar Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad launched a Twitter
account, twitter.com/MinbarTawhed, and has since posted over 200 tweets.
Most of the tweets include content from MTJ's website as well as links
to the main MTJ website itself. Tweets include rulings on fatwas and
answers to Islamic law questions – many of which are related to jihad.

Examples Of Topics In Tweets By Minbar Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad
Minbar al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad tweets on a number of topics. The following are examples:
- Becoming a martyr in the battlefield of jihad.
- The permissibility of fighting with the mujahideen without pledging allegiance to a specific group.
- The permissibility of working with Jews and Christians to collect money to go wage jihad.
- Rulings on using stolen money for jihad.
- The permissibility of killing drug dealers in the land of jihad.
- Rulings about disclosing the secrets of the mujahideen.
- Whether one should wage jihad or pay off a bank debt.
- The permissibility of joining the mujahideen fighters in the Levant.
- Waging jihad in Nigeria, Tunisia, Libya, Syria.
- Leaving one's country to wage jihad in another country's battlefield.
- Rulings on joining the armies of Western countries.
Minbar Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad Uses Twitter Apps Twishort And TwitMail Service To Post Longer Texts
Over the past year, the Middle East has seen the emergence of a
plethora of apps and other tools which have helped to innovate social
media usage in the region. What makes Minbar al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad's
Twitter account unique is its extensive use of such Twitter-specific
apps, including Twishort and Twitmail.
MTJ uses Twitter's Twishort (twishort.com) service to ask questions
that link to the answering longer fatwas or rulings. These Twishort
tweets often include hashtags such as #jihad, #fatwa, and #mujahideen.
Users do not need to register to use Twishort. To use the service, they
post longer texts on the Twishort website, and the service then tweets
the first 140 characters, including a link to the longer post, from the
user's Twitter account. Most MTJ Twishort links lead to long items
directly on MTJ.

Twitter's Twitmail service allows Twitter users to attach their
emails to Twitter posts. To use the service, which is not affiliated
with Twitter, users must open an account. They then send an email with
the content they wish to tweet to their Twitmail account, and the
service tweets it to their Twitter feed with a link to the email, which
is publicly viewable along with all attachments to the original email.

TwitMail on MTJ's Twitter account includes Al-Qaeda material posted
on the main jihadi forums. One example, sent July 17, 2012, includes a
DVD collection of Osama bin Laden's speeches and videos for downloading,
as well as the usual links to download the material, including links to
the San Francisco-based Internet Archives.[9]

It should be noted that the use of services such as Twitter,
including apps such as Twishort and Twitmail, is a growing trend among
online jihadis. After encountering increasing difficulty in posting
content to main jihadi websites, they are now looking for quicker and
easier ways to spread jihad online.
Part II: Ansar Al-Mujahideen Arabic Forum (AMAF), An Al-Qaeda Affiliate, Tweets
One of the most prominent Al-Qaeda affiliated forums, Ansar
Al-Mujahideen Arabic Forum (AMAF), opened a Twitter account
(https://twitter.com/as_ansar) on April 13, 2012.[10] As of August 15, 2012, AMAF's Twitter account has 3,141 followers, and has tweeted over 623 times.[11]

Ansar al-Mujahideen Twitter Homepage
Top Of AMAF Twitter Account Page Includes YouTube Link To Video Of
AQAP Leader Discussing Importance Of Online Jihad, How To Use Cyber
Tools And Weapons
Featured prominently on AMAF's Twitter page, next to its official
logo, is a link to a YouTube video in which Abu Hurayrah, an Al-Qaeda in
the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) leader, praises online jihadi forums
including AMAF. He stated, "The enemies of the Muslims are taking the
true and clear facts from jihadi forums on the Internet."[12]
The same YouTube video also provides very specific instructions on
installing Tor, a program designed to hide the user's identity online.[13] In fact, at the conclusion of the video, AMAF instructs users not to access its website without installing Tor.

Abu Hurayrah al-Sana'i praising jihadi Internet forums[14] Screenshot of Tor program from AMAF instructional video[15]

Screenshot from AMAF instructional video on how to access the main forum[16] Instructions offered to users at the end of the instructional video[17]
AMAF Gives Advice On How To Effectively Disseminate Its Message On Twitter
On May 7, 2012, the Ansar Al-Mujahideen Arabic Forum (AMAF) published
"important instructions" regarding its Twitter account, which it had
opened on April 13. The announcement said that, having understood the
crucial role jihadi media plays in the battle between Islam and its
enemies, the AMAF is using all legitimate means to support Islam. Among
the steps it took in this regard, it said, was the recent opening of the
AMAF's Twitter account, "as_ansar@".
As for its instructions to jihadis, the announcement asked them to
follow AMAF's Twitter account and to disseminate its content via
"retweeting" and the use of hashtags.[18]

Examples Of Topics In Tweets By AMAF
Many of the AMAF tweets are links to YouTube videos of suicide
bombers; jihadi groups training for attacks; Al-Qaeda leaders including
Osama bin Laden, Al-Zawahiri, Al-Zarqawi, Al-Awlaki, and others; and
videos of dead jihadi fighters. Al-Qaeda groups in Syria, Yemen, Iraq,
and Africa are heavily represented.
AMAF Twitter Account Relies On San Francisco-Based Internet Archives
A large number of AMAF tweets link to files on the San
Francisco-based Internet Archive (archive.org), where jihadists can
download PDF's of books, articles, and statements on AMAF, along with
links. MEMRI Inquiry & Analysis No. 724, Al-Qaeda, Jihadis Infest The San Francisco, California-Based 'Internet Archive' Library,
published August 17, 2011, detailed this website's importance to online
jihadis. Founded in 1996, the Internet Archive is a 501(c)3 non-profit
organization whose stated mission is to provide "universal access to all
knowledge." The Internet Archive is recognized by the state of
California as a library, and is a member of the American Library
Association. It states that its purposes include "offering permanent
access for researchers, historians, scholars, people with disabilities,
and the general public to historical collections that exist in digital
format. The Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and
software as well as archived web pages."[19]
Multiple U.S. government agencies, including NASA, the Library of
Congress, and the Smithsonian Institute collaborate with the Internet
Archive,[20] and, according to a Washington Post report, federal prosecutors, the FBI, and CIA "frequently" use it.[21]

Besides the U.S. government, Al-Qaeda and other jihadi groups are
continually and increasingly using the San Francisco-based Internet
Archive by posting links on Twitter to spread their
propaganda/recruitment messages, including video and audio recordings of
speeches, attacks, publications, and much more. They often include
content encouraging, and urging, terrorist attacks against the U.S. It
can be assumed that Al-Qaeda-related material was first posted to the
Internet Archive for legitimate research purposes, but that at some
point jihadis discovered that it was an accessible website that could be
easily used for online jihad; jihadis now upload content to and
download content from the Internet Archive on a daily basis; all anyone
needs in order to use the Archive is a valid email address.[22]
Part III: Muhammad Al-Zawahiri – Brother Of Al-Qaeda Leader Ayman Al-Zawahiri – Joins Twitter
On August 13, 2012, a post by Ishmael Jad on the Al-Qaeda-affiliated
forum Al-Fidaa announced that Muhammad Al-Zawahiri, brother of Al-Qaeda
leader Ayman Al-Zawahiri, had opened a Twitter account. Muhammad
Al-Zawahiri, a member of the Egyptian organization Al-Gama'a
Al-Islamiya, served 13 years in prison in Egypt on allegations that he
was linked to the 1981 assassination of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat.

Even before posting his first tweet, on August 18, 2012, Muhammad
Al-Zawahiri had nearly 1,000 followers; to date he has tweeted 12 times
and has 1,562 followers.
Examples of Muhammad Al-Zawahiri's Tweets
Al-Zawahiri's second tweet, on August 19, 2012, links to the Ansar
Al-Mujahideen forum, to an article he published August 7, 2012 titled
"Is It Legally Correct That We Only Fight Those Who Fight Us?"[23] in which he defends the Islamic notion of offensive jihad. Other posts include his first TV interview after his release from prison[24] (posted August 20, 2012), a biography of Zawahiri found on a jihadi blog[25] (posted August 21, 2012), as well as another Islamic legal response titled "A response to the Saudi fatwa regarding warning the youth against going abroad with the intention of fighting jihad."[26] (posted Aug. 21, 2012).
Part IV: Former Bin Laden Jihadi And Gitmo Detainee Walid Muhammad Hajj Tweets In Support Of Al-Qaeda, Jihad, And Martyrdom
On June 13, 2012, Walid Muhammad Hajj, a former Guantanamo detainee
who fought in Osama bin Laden's 55th Arab Brigade, joined Twitter
(WaleedGaj2002); to date, he has posted 2,272 Tweets, has 12,072
followers, and is following 55 well-known jihadis and jihadi groups.

Walid Muhammad Hajj Is Following These Twitter Accounts:

Muhammad Al-Zawahiri @Mohamed-Zawahiri
twitter.com/Mohamed_zawahir

Ansaar Al-Mujahideen @as_ansar (AMAF)
twitter.com/as_ansar

Tawheed and Jihad Platform @MinbarTawhed (Sheikhs of Jihad and the Shar'ia Committee of the Tawheed and Jihad Platform)
twitter.com/MinbarTawhed

The Madad News Agency @W_mdd (AQAP)
twitter.com/W_mdd

Hazem Al-Masri @hazim10000 (Ansar Sharia Blogspot)
twitter.com/hazim10000
Walid Muhammad Hajj: Background
According to an unclassified official report,[27]
in September 2004 a tribunal was appointed at Guantanamo to review
Walid Muhammad Hajj's designation as an enemy combatant; he allegedly
participated in military operations against the U.S. or its partners and
was defined as "an individual who was part of or supporting the Taliban
or Al-Qaeda forces, or associated forces that are engaged in
hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners. This
includes any person who committed a belligerent actors has directly
supported hostilities in aid of enemy armed forces."
The Guantanamo Bay detainee file on Walid Mohammad Haj Mohammad Ali,
US9SU-000081DP, dated December 2007, which in April 2011 was passed to
the Telegraph (U.K.) by WikiLeaks,[28]
stated that he "is assessed to be a member of Al-Qaeda and a fighter in
Osama Bin Laden's 55th Arab Brigade." It added that he had "admitted
participating and being wounded in hostilities during U.S. and Coalition
action against Al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in Afghanistan" and that
"Al-Qaeda operative, Anjasha, recruited detainee for jihad, and
detainee's name was recovered on an Al-Qaeda affiliated document.
Detainee acknowledged receiving militant training from an Al-Qaeda
commander, and is assessed to have received... more extensive training.
Detainee is also assessed to be affiliated with Jama-at Tablighi (JT)."
A Department of Defense assessment of Walid Muhammad Hajj, also
released by Wikileaks, stated that he posed a "medium" risk of threat to
the U.S. and its interests and allies. According to the document it is
believed that he received training at the infamous Al-Faruq training
camp, and was involved in da'wa, "areas of potential exploitation," "communications," and "terrorist recruitment of juveniles."[29]
Some five years after his release, Walid Muhammad Hajj is free to
communicate to potential Al-Qaeda recruits; he has over 10,000 followers
on Twitter.